A total of 194 datas
In aerobic respiration, succinate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of succinate to fumarate and ubiquinone to ubiquinol. The SDH protein complex is composed of four subunits: a flavoprotein subunit (SDHA) , an iron-sulfur protein (SDHB) , and two membrane-anchored subunits (SDHC and SDHDy Mutations in these subunits can lead to various mitochondrial dysfunctions.
The SMAD4 gene is located on chromosome 18q21. 1. its gene transcript has a total length of 2680 bp and encodes 552 amino acids, resulting in a protein with a relative molecular mass of 60 kDa. The SMAD4 linker region is essential for its interaction with other SMAD proteins, which are key mediators of TGF-B signaling from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. SMAD4 plays a crucial role in signal transduction mediated by the TGF-B family, and is important for regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and immune modulation.
SOX-10( SRY-related HMG-box gene 10) is a nuclear transcription factor involved in neural development and melanocyte lineage differentiation. It has recently been established as a sensitive marker for melanoma, including conventional, spindle cell, and desmoplastic subtypes. SOX-10 is expressed in 97% of melanomas and 49% of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. In desmoplastic or spindle cell melanoma, SOX-10 is frequently positive, whereas HMB45 and Melan A are typically negative.
SOX-2( SRY-related HMG box-2) is one of the core stem cell genes. The protein it encodes is an important transcription factor that maintains the self-renewal and proliferative capacity of embryonic stem cells and various tissue stem cells. SOX-2 expression is associated with the prognosis of many tumors. It has been reported in the literature that high SOX-2 expression in colon cancer serves as a candidate biomarker for prognosis.
Special T-rich sequence-binding protein 2 (SATB2) is a transcription factor that binds to nuclear matrix attachment regions and plays an important role in processes such as transcriptional regulation and chromatin remodeling. SATB2 is a key regulatory molecule in osteoblast differentiation and bone matrix formation; mutations in this gene can lead to congenital craniofacial abnormalities. It is also a core molecule in central nervous system development, playing a critical role in the normal development of structures such as the corpus callosum and pons. Additionally, SATB2 is involved in tumorigenesis, with elevated expression observed in malignant tumors including breast cancer.
S100A1 is widely distributed in various tissues throughout the body, including the heart, skeletal muscle brain, kidney, spleen, and uterus. It is highly expressed in myocardial tissue and serves as a diagnostic marker for acute myocardial infarction. Additionally, S100A1 plays an important role in the differential diagnosis of renal cell tumors, particularly in distinguishing between chromophobe renal cell carcinoma and oncocytoma.
Synaptophysin is a 38 kDa integral membrane protein found in presynaptic vesicles of neurons in the brain, spinal cord, and retina, as well as in similar vesicles in adrenal dullary cells and neuromuscular junctions. Synaptophysin may be involved in synaptic vesicle formation anad exocytosis. It is primarily usedfor the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of pheochromocytoma, ganglionma, paraganglioma, and tumors of the neuroendocrine system.
Stathmin 1/ oncoprotein 18, also known as STMN1, is a highly conserved 17 kDa protein that mediates the integration of signals from the cellular environment within thecell. Stathmin is involved in the regulation of the microtubule system, preventing microtubule polymerization and promoting microtubule depolymerization. Overexpression of stathmin enhances microtubule depolymerization.
Surfactant protein A( SP-A) plays a crucial role in maintaining the structural integrity of the respiratory epithelium by reducing surface tension during respiration. Surfactant is a poprotein complex synthesized by alveolar type ll cells and secreted into the alvedli. SP-A is the major phospholipid-assodated glycoprotein in surfactant and a member of the C-type lectin superfamily It also inhibits lipid secretion and enhances phospholipid uptake by alveolar type ll cells. It has been reported that SP-A levels in amniotic fluid reflect fetal lung maturity, and insufficient surfactant protein levels at birth-commonly observed in preterm infants-can lead to respiratory failure. In individual with lung adenocarcinoma hgh aoncentrations of SPAave been reported in pleural effusions. However, in poorly differentiated lung adenocarcinoma SP-A immunoreactivity is sgnificantly reduced Zameanik J, Kodek R. Virchows Arch. 440( 4) : 353-61 (2002)).
SOX genes constitute a family of genes encoding transcription factors. SOX11 is primarily associated with embryonic neural development. It has been reported that Sox11 is highly expressed in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) , including CyclinD1-negative MCL with typical morphological features. In contrast, it shows negative expression in B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders.
SALL4 is a zinc finger transcription factor that is a key regulator of embryonic stem cell pluripotency. SALL4 is highly expressed in germ cell tumors and is a highly sensitive marker for seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, and yolk sac tumors. SALL4 is also expressed in hepatoblastoma and a subset of hepatocellular carcinomas, aiding in the diagnosis of liver tumors.
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